Various in vitro and in vivo testing methods are employed to assess the immunotoxicity of catalytic materials. In vitro assays, such as cytokine release assays and macrophage activation tests, provide initial insights into the potential immune reactions. In vivo studies, often conducted using animal models, offer a more comprehensive understanding of the systemic immune response. Advanced techniques like flow cytometry and mass spectrometry can further elucidate the mechanisms underlying these reactions.
