What Specific Techniques are Used in Catalysis at Synchrotron Facilities?
1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): XRD is used to determine the crystalline structure of catalysts, which is essential for understanding their activity and stability. Synchrotron-based XRD offers higher resolution and faster data collection compared to conventional XRD.
2. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): This technique includes X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). XAS provides information on the oxidation states and local environments of catalytic species, helping to elucidate active sites and reaction mechanisms.
3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Synchrotron-based XPS offers enhanced surface sensitivity and chemical specificity, making it possible to analyze the electronic structure and elemental composition of catalyst surfaces.
4. In-situ and Operando Studies: Synchrotron facilities enable in-situ and operando studies, where catalysts can be examined under real reaction conditions. This allows researchers to observe changes in catalyst structure and composition in real-time, providing a deeper understanding of catalytic processes.
