In situ and operando measurements are techniques used to study catalysts under actual reaction conditions:
- In situ measurements are conducted under conditions that mimic the reaction environment but are not necessarily the same. - Operando measurements are performed while the reaction is occurring, providing real-time data on the catalyst's behavior and structure.
These techniques often employ sophisticated instruments like Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), and Raman Spectroscopy to capture dynamic changes in the catalyst.
