In situ and operando techniques allow the study of catalysts under actual reaction conditions:
- In situ Techniques: These techniques analyze catalysts in real-time during a reaction but may not reflect the exact operational environment. Examples include in situ XRD and in situ FTIR.
- Operando Techniques: These methods provide simultaneous measurement of the catalyst's structure and catalytic performance under true reaction conditions. Operando XPS and operando NMR are examples of such techniques.
