Several techniques are used to characterize basic sites on catalysts:
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): This method measures the amount of a basic probe molecule (like CO2) adsorbed on the catalyst surface. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR can identify functional groups that act as basic sites by their characteristic absorption bands. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): This technique can provide information on the electronic state of surface atoms, indicating the presence of basic sites.
