non standard Amino Acids - Catalysis

What are Non-Standard Amino Acids?

Non-standard amino acids are those that are not among the twenty standard amino acids commonly found in proteins. These can be naturally occurring or artificially synthesized. They can play crucial roles in enzyme catalysis, offering unique properties that enhance or enable specific catalytic activities.

Why are Non-Standard Amino Acids Important in Catalysis?

Non-standard amino acids are important in catalysis because they can introduce novel functionalities and properties that are not available with standard amino acids. For example, they can provide additional reactive groups, alter the hydrophobicity, or change the electronic properties of the active site. This can lead to more efficient or selective catalytic processes.

How are Non-Standard Amino Acids Incorporated into Proteins?

There are several methods for incorporating non-standard amino acids into proteins. One common approach is genetic code expansion, where the genetic code is reprogrammed to include non-standard amino acids. Another method involves chemical modification of existing proteins. Enzymatic methods can also be used to incorporate these amino acids during or after protein synthesis.

What are Some Examples of Non-Standard Amino Acids Used in Catalysis?

Examples of non-standard amino acids used in catalysis include selenocysteine and pyrrolysine. Selenocysteine is known as the 21st amino acid and is used in enzymes that catalyze redox reactions due to its unique redox properties. Pyrrolysine, the 22nd amino acid, is found in certain methanogenic archaea and is involved in methane production.

What are the Challenges of Using Non-Standard Amino Acids in Catalysis?

One of the main challenges is the difficulty in synthesizing and incorporating these amino acids into proteins. The availability and cost of non-standard amino acids can also be limiting factors. Additionally, the incorporation process can sometimes lead to misfolded proteins or decreased stability, affecting the overall efficiency of the catalytic process.

What are the Future Prospects for Non-Standard Amino Acids in Catalysis?

The future prospects are promising, especially with advancements in synthetic biology and protein engineering. These fields are likely to enable more efficient incorporation of non-standard amino acids and the creation of enzymes with unprecedented catalytic properties. This could lead to new biocatalysts for industrial processes, environmental applications, and biomedical therapies.

Relevant Publications

Engineering tRNAs for the Ribosomal Translation of Non-proteinogenic Monomers.

Issue Release: 2024

Design, synthesis, antitumor activity and NMR-based metabolomics of novel amino substituted tetracyclic imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives.

Issue Release: 2024

Reengineering of a flavin-binding fluorescent protein using ProteinMPNN.

Issue Release: 2024

APE-Gen2.0: Expanding Rapid Class I Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex Modeling to Post-Translational Modifications and Noncanonical Peptide Geometries.

Issue Release: 2024

Molecular dynamics of structural effects of reactive carbonyl species derivate of lipid peroxidation on bovine serum albumin.

Issue Release: 2024

Readthrough events in plants reveal plasticity of stop codons.

Issue Release: 2024

Characterization and antioxidant effect of mucilage in leaves from .

Issue Release: 2024

Preclinical Characterization of ARX517, a Site-specific Stable PSMA-Targeted Antibody Drug Conjugate for Treatment of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Issue Release: 2024

Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.

Issue Release: 2024

Impact of feed, light and access to manipulable material on tail biting in pigs with intact tails.

Issue Release: 2024

mRNA context and translation factors determine decoding in alternative nuclear genetic codes.

Issue Release: 2024

Assessment of active translation in cumulus-enclosed and denuded oocytes during standard in vitro maturation and early embryo development.

Issue Release: 2024

Revisiting Artifacts of Kohn-Sham Density Functionals for Biosimulation.

Issue Release: 2024

Exploiting the Role of Features for Antigens-Antibodies Interaction Site Prediction.

Issue Release: 2024

Thioclava litoralis sp. nov., a novel species of alphaproteobacterium, isolated from surface seawater.

Issue Release: 2024

Effect of diet supplemented with functional amino acids and polyphenols on gut health in broilers subjected to a corticosterone-induced stress.

Issue Release: 2024

Plasma acylcarnitines and amino acids in dyslipidemia: An integrated metabolomics and machine learning approach.

Issue Release: 2024

Heterologous expression, purification and single step efficient refolding of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Reteplase) from E. coli.

Issue Release: 2024

Exploring sample treatment strategies for untargeted metabolomics: A comparative study of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and homogenization with solid-liquid extraction (SLE) in renal tissue.

Issue Release: 2024

Impact of Sprouting Process on the Protein Quality of Yellow and Red Quinoa ().

Issue Release: 2024

What Are the Common Pitfalls?

How Do Standardization and Benchmarking Help?

What Instruments Require Calibration in Catalysis?

What Are the Security Benefits of LDAP in Catalysis?

How Does Catalyst Deactivation Affect Separation and Recovery?

What Materials are Used in High Performance Catalysts?

How Are Catalysts Used in Medical Imaging?

What are the Challenges in Mass Transfer Studies?

Why are Ventilation and Exhaust Systems Important?

How to Mitigate Catalytic Failures?

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